Capital Justification Purchase Essay Example for Free

Capital Justification Purchase Essay This assignment requires justification to the vice president for approval to purchase a major piece of equipment for use in the radiology department of the hospital. My main objective is to provide valuable information to justify the cost as well as provide critical data that substantiates the ROI. Additionally, the report will have detailed information outlining the benefits that will assist in the decision making process and address all concerns and questions relating to the purchase. Lastly, the report will include how beneficial and profitable the technology will be for the hospital. The radiology department is in need of a MRI machine to better provide safer and reliable results for detecting breast cancer. I have done extensive research on the several different types of technological devices and believe that I have come up with the best model. In considering the Siemens’s MAGNETOM Espree-Pink the following six major categories to follow were taken into account to help substantiate the purchase:† 1) available alternative; available resources; cost data; benefit data; prior performance, and risk projection.† (Cleverely, et al, 2011, pg. 426). Based upon the research conducted, I believe that this model will improve the quality of patient care, help streamline breast exams and detect the disease with greater confidence. Research shows that MRI’s can be helpful in breast care, especially in high-risk women. The MAGNETOM Espree –Pink offers a unique design and has demonstrated that no other system comes close to offering patient comfort. This state of the art equipment will take us into the future with the latest technological advances. MAGNETOM Espree-Pink combines an open-bore design with the Sentinelle breast coil for Siemens which offers exceptional breast imagining and biopsy capabilities. And, the future is built in, for instance should our needs change over time, we have the option to upgrade the system to a MAGNETOM Espree whole-body scanner –with all the latest advanced applications and renowned technology. This will allow us the capabilities of having the ability to detect cancer in  other ar eas of the body. MAGNETOM Espree-Pink offers the following: Pink Comfort, Pink Workflow and Pink Applications. Pink Comfort can greatly reduce errors due to patient movement, resulting in better image quality. â€Å"The open-bore design offers an exclusive 70 cm inner diameter, providing exceptional comfort. It enables patients to feel more at ease, particularly claustrophobic or obese patients. Pink Workflow provides a dedicated multimodality Workplace that offers standard MRI evaluation, it enhances breast reading and reporting, and it is coupled with syngo BreVis, a computer-aided tool for real-time breast analysis. It is easy-to-use, fast, and reliable. Pink Applications allows for faster imaging, excellent clinical detail, shorter exams – all part of the dedicated solution for breast care. With its optimized applications, MAGNETOM Espree-Pink enables you to see more, by improving accuracy and showing more details. These applications enable truly comprehensive breast care, helping to improve diagnostic confidence as well as patient care.† (www.siemens.com/espree-pink) Financial Considerations In the acquiring of the MAGNETOM Espree-Pink there are some financial aspects to be considered. The manufacture’s price of the equipment is listed at $1.5 million and listed are a couple of options that could provide for this capital expenditure. We would like to look at available alternatives to acquiring this equipment: purchasing or leasing. The cost benefits of leasing include the ability to lease for a short period of time with less expense and the ability to upgrade the equipment as technology changes. For example, with a five-year lease of $150,000 per year, we will pay $750,000 over the life of lease. The immediate rate of return may be greater which may reduce the expense of the equipment. For example: The assumption is that the charge per usage is $2000 and numbers are based on number of patients seen per year.# of Patients Cost of Equipment Lease per year Operations Cost Per Incidence Total Expense Profit 750 $150,000 $500 $525,000 $975,000 1000 $150,000 $500 $650,000 $1.35 million 1250 $150,000 $500 $775,000 $1.725 million The cost benefit of purchasing the equipment is that it would be owned outright by the hospital. The ROI may be seen within the first three years. This can be done by purchasing directly or by financing the purchase. We now have to consider the fixed cost of the purchase price per year and its depreciation and interest. Our operation cost per incidence will now remain the same as leasing the equipment. Our number of patients is assumed to be the same as our option for leasing along with our procedure charge of $2000. # of Patients Cost of Equipment Purchase Operations Cost Per Incidence Total Expense Profit 750 $315,000 $500 $690,000 $810,000 1000 $315,000 $500 $815,000 $1.185 million 1250 $315,000 $500 $940,000 $1.560 million In conclusion, the technological advances of MAGNETOM Espree-Pink can provide numerous benefit to the radiology department by enhancing the speed and accuracy of diagnoses, facilitating earlier and more accurate treatment predicating breast cancer and generating additional revenue. The initial cost of purchasing or leasing will be a great expense to the hospital, but the ROI will outweigh the initial cost over a five year period. I believe that the MAGNETOM Espree-Pink will meet the critical needs of the hospital and our community in which we serve. References Cleverley, William, O., Cleverley, James, O., Song, Paula, H. (2011). Essentials of health care finance – 7th ed. MAGNETOM Espree-Pink (http://usa.healthcare.siemens.com/magnetic-resonance-imaging/0- 35-to-1-5tmri-scanner/magnetom-espree-pink)

Jet Blue Analysis Essay Example for Free

Jet Blue Analysis Essay Jet Blue is now a major U.S. airline that has established itself as a leading low-fare, low cost passenger airline by offering customers high quality customer service and a differentiated product according to Jet Blue 10-K/A pg . Their steps to achieve their goals in the market place are to stimulate demand with low fares. Jet Blue offers a wide variety of low fares that target those leisure travelers and business persons that would have sought out alternative travel options. They emphasize low operating costs. They are fully utilizing technology with incentivized and productive workforces. They excel at maintaining high aircraft utilization by operating a single aircraft type with a single class of service as described in the Jet Blue 10-K/A pg 2. Jet Blue offers point to point flights to underserved and/or overpriced large markets. There is a great deal of demand for these types of services, customers are looking for direct flights and a cheaper price, the additional benefit of Jet Blue travels is the accommodations provided. Customers have free access to DirectTV, larger leather seats, extra legroom compared to other airlines. Lastly, Jet Blue believes their long term success with be because of a how they differentiate their products and services. Jet Blue’s flying experience for customers is more of a pleasure rather than a burden or what sometimes feels like an obstacle getting from point A to point B. Jet Blue does not overbook their flights and they are proactive and honest about any delays especially related to weather. Jet Blue is an organization that primarily relies on operational excellence. Jet Blue does not offer a wide variety of products; they only have one type of aircraft with a single class of service (Jet Blue 10-K/A). They are very interested in customer feedback to continuously improve their services to stand out from the rest of the airlines. They truly take out the hassle in flying. Jet Blue does have its own business risks that may threaten the company’s ability to satisfy stockholder expectations. The airline industry in itself is an extremely competitive industry. There is competition in every city that has more financial resources and a more known brand name. Failure to successfully increase the frequency of flights in their current markets could harm their business. There is a new aircraft being introduced and failure to meet the obligation of ordering the minimum 100 aircraft plus an additional 100 aircrafts will harm the business. These new aircrafts have to be ready for servicing flight schedules they need to be properly financed and meet the necessary certifications. Jet Blue uses the following techniques that could help to reduce the risks of providing a return to their shareholders. Through marketing and distribution Jet Blue has created a customer loyalty program that will reward and recognize the most valuable customers. The people that are hired to work for Jet Blue are considered crewmembers; these crewmembers treat the passengers as they would want to be treated. Jet Blue passengers do not return just because of the low fares, the employees of Jet Blue provide high quality service that keeps people coming back. Jet Blue’s tiered pricing helps the ease of carrying fare that have higher fares with more restrictions Individual fares that are sold for the flights is an example of unit-level activities. These fares will help determine the profitability of a flight and determine their load factor and breakeven load figures. Another unit-level activity that could apply to an airline would be individual salaries of the employees for each flight. If a flight is not completely full, that will limit the number of employees needed to assist in the plane. These activities are monitored and evaluated for top efficiencies by offering low fares in high demand markets and by employing productive and incentive motivated employees. One example of batch-level activities would be fuel. The fuel is a cost per flight no matter how many passengers are aboard. Another example would be the total of aircraft owned and leased by the company. An airline will need to fully utilize all aircraft that is in working condition to collect revenue towards any rents and loans. If an airline owns 44 planes and only can book 40 of those planes for business, they are still paying on the full 44 planes, thus being a batch-level activity of the airline. Jet Blue has taken many steps to utilize the fuel purchased for use and the efficiency of booking their flights with a single service. There is a new aircraft that is replacing the current aircrafts that is equipped with larger leather seats, entertainment, and added comfort. Jet Blue is working tirelessly to make sure this aircraft is financed in the most efficient way as well as passing all certifications required for flying. As described by Noreen, Brewer, Garrison (2011) a customer-level activity is one that includes sales calls, catalog mailings, and general technical support that is not related to any particular product (pg. 238). Jet Blue utilizes its customer-level activities through advertising and promotions through newspapers, magazines, television, radio and outdoor billboards and through targeted public relations and promotional efforts (Jet Blue 10-K/A). An organization-sustaining activity for Jet Blue would be regular maintenance of aircraft and buildings. An airline has plenty of behind the scenes support systems such as regular maintenance of their aircraft and the buildings that support the aircraft. References Jet Blue 10-K/A financial data Noreen, E. W., Brewer, P. C., Garrison, R. H. (2011). Managerial Accounting for Managers (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Difference Between Data Warehousing And Data Mining Information Technology Essay

Difference Between Data Warehousing And Data Mining Information Technology Essay The information systems (IS) field is terms of key development can be called data warehousing in database environtment. Different organizations receiving different significant returns than others because its benefits are plentiful. The organization will have different types of returns in the impact of data warehousing . Each company can be tie the benefit to the way in which it conforms to the framework as it shows in the analysis . We will see how dan organization can be transformed by data warehouse, Analysis also showing the explaination of differences in impact. A large manufacturing company (LMC) involving case study of data warehousing, a financial services company (FSC) are presented and discussed within the context of the framework and the Internal Revenue Service. Keywords : Multidimensional modelling; Conceptual modelling; Time-series; Data warehouses; Data-mining Introduction Data warehouses are becoming part of the technology. Data warehouses are used to consolidate data located in disparate databases. A data warehouse stores large quantities of data by specific categories so it can be more easily retrieved, interpreted, and sorted by users. Warehouses enable executives and managers to work with vast stores of transactional or other data to respond faster to markets and make more informed business decisions. It has been predicted that every business will have a data warehouse within ten years. But merely storing data in a data warehouse does a company little good. Companies will want to learn more about that data to improve knowledge of customers and markets. The company benefits when meaningful trends and patterns are extracted from the data. Data mining, or knowledge discovery, is the computer-assisted process of digging through and analyzing enormous sets of data and then extracting the meaning of the data. Data mining tools predict behaviors and futu re trends, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. Data mining tools can answer business questions that traditionally were too time consuming to resolve. They scour databases for hidden patterns, finding predictive information that experts may miss because it lies outside their expectations. Data mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuable information in a large database and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable ore. Both processes require either sifting through an immense amount of material, or intelligently probing it to find where the value resides. What is Data Warehousing Data warehousing is a collection of decision support technologies that enable the knowledge worker, the statistician, the business manager and theexecutive in processing the information contained in a data warehouse meaningfully and make well informed decisions based on outputs. The Data warehousing system includes backend tools for extracting, cleaning and loading data from Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) Databases and historical repositories of data. It also consists of the Data storage areacomposed of the Data warehouse, the data marts and the Data store. It also provides for tools like OLAP for organizing, partitioning and summarizing data in the data warehouse and data marts and finally contains front end tools for mining, quering, reporting on data. It is important to distinguish between a Data warehouse and Data warehousing. A Data warehouse is a component of the data warehousing system. It is a facility that provides for a consolidated, flexible and accessible collection of data for end user reporting and analysis. A data warehouse has been defined by Inmom (considered one of the founders of the Data warehouse concept) as a subject-oriented, integrated, time-varying, non-volatile collection of data that is primarily used in organizational decision making. The data in a data warehouse is categorized on the basis of the subject area and hence it is subject oriented Universal naming conventions, measurements, classifications and so on used in the data warehouse, provide an enterprise consolidated view of data and therefore it is designated as integrated. The data once loaded can only be read. Users cannot make changes to the data and this makes it non-volatile. Finally data is stored for long periods of time quantified in years and bears a time and date stamp and therefore it is described as time variant. The format of data collected are not always the same eventhough each of these systems collect data . So, the combination of all these data from all sorts sources that combined together to form a single data and the combination of database forming a single homogenous form is what we called data warehousing. The data is not only subject-oriented and integrated but also time-variant and non-volatile collection of data to support management in making decision. 1) Time-variant that In order to make the reports that go in propotional with time , the data ware house that has been changed should be tracked and recorded. 2) Non-volatile Data warehouse is never deleted, so that data is read only and static and will be used for future reporting 3) Integrated Data is consistence and is representing all operational system. Data management and data retrieval are the proess that can define data warehousing. An organizations can integrate their various databases into data warehouses using process different capabilities and culturesThe idea of maintaining central data is brought by data warehouse. Although the concept itself has been around for years, like data mining data warehousing, is a relatively new term. Data Warehouse Design There are two different ways of Data Warehouse design; Ralph Kimball and Bill Inmons model. In Inmons architecture, before data being transferred to the data marts, data from OLTP database is firstly stored in a warehouse. In Inmons model view,tThe data warehouse is a real database. Kimballs architecture using OLTP database shows that data is transferrefed directly to the data mart. Based on the picture above, a collection of integrated data marts will form the data warehouse. What is Data Mining? Data or knowledge discovery or generally called Data mining. It is the process of getting data from different resources and turn them into information that can be useful for organization One example of tools to analyze is analyzing data using data mining software. Data from many different sources and with different uses and characters will be analyze by users. So, technically, data mining the process of finding correlations of fields in large relational databases. In general, data mining is the process of making data usefull after analyze it from different kind of information environment and turn into vary kind of useful information. . Data from many different dimensions or angles can be analyzed by users and then be summarized into the relationships . On the other hand, the process of finding or different in data mining is not an easy process and do need different process and analyze. There are five major elements in data mining : Data can be presented in graph or table and other formats. Data transaction is loaded onto the data warehouse system. Data is stored and managed in a multidimensional database system. Application software can be used to analyze and intrepenting data Information professinals especially who are involve in business world can access the provided data. Continuous Innovation The technology is not new nowdays eventhough data mining is a quite new. Take this case for example, One Midwest grecory is using Oracle software to look and search about the buying patterns of local. It has been discovered that whenever men bought cigarettes on Saturdays and Thursdays, they also want to buy beer. Then it also showed that Saturday is the day when these shoppers typically did their weekly grocery. However, they only bought a few items on Saturdays. It is concluded by the retailer that the reason they purchased the beer is to have it for the weekends ahead.. Furthermore, they have to make sure that the price are full for cigarettes and beer on Thursdays. What can data mining do? Here are the focus among a costumers retail, financial, communication, and marketing organizations which are data mining that been used by a company especially for the basic data. Product, the condition of product and the day of business can be some internal factors for this. Other than that the perfomance on sales, customer rights satisfaction, also profits for organizations can also determined by companies. Finally, transactional data can be viewed with details from the summary information. The development of products and promotion is also important to appeal to specific customer segments by getting demographic data from comments or even warranty cards provided by company. In order to transform supplier relationships. Applications of Data Mining The basic of data mining has been involved in many fields such as business, scientific research, banking sector and many more . All of these fields have been using data mining. Now its use is easier compare to what it was.. These tools can be used practically to carry out complex data mining techniques and get ease with it.. In order to do improve marketing field of and organization and try to understand its clients buying patterns, Data Mining is used by businesses. Data mining is used more widely than ever before because of expanding variety of tools and softwares in new era like it is today.. Intelligence agencies like FBI and CIA also use data mining for identifying terrorisms threats or even after the incident of 9/11 in America. It is really important to uncover terrorist plots. However the people concerned as data collected for such works will invade many peoples privacy.. Banking sector also using data mining for credit card problem detection and anything relation to credit c ard crime as what is happening now days. . It is also can reduce the risk of any credit card problem among their customers, especially to identify potetntial costumers and to state wether loan can be able to approve to any customers. Steps of Data Mining From the picture, we can see the step of data mining Data Integration: All the different sources contribute data which are collected and integrated. Data Selection: We have to select data and make sure that it is usefull for data mining. Data Cleaning: The data collected may not all correct and need to be checked again before being used to avoid data errors and uncertain problem. Data Transformation: Eventhough the data has been cleaned, to have data ready for mining, we still have to do something and transform data into the right form so that mining process will not be any problem. Many techniques can be used to complete data transformation suck as like smoothing, aggregation, normalization techniques. Data Mining: Techniques like clustering and association analysis are used among the many different techniques used for data mining only when we are ready to apply data mining techniques on the data to discover the interesting patterns. Pattern Evaluation and Knowledge Presentation: Transformation, visualization, removing redundant patterns are steps from the patterns we have generated. Decisions / Use of Discovered Knowledge. In order to make use of the knowledge which acquired to take better decisions, this step helps. Difference between Data Warehousing and Data Mining Data warehousing can be define as the inntegration and combination of data from different sources and various of format into a single form or a single schema. Huge amount of data can be provided by data warehousing with a storage mechanism. Meanwhile, The Enterprise has been provided with a memory by Data Warehousing and intelligenge is provided by data mining . So, the discovery of useful patterns can be done using the of data mining techniques on the data warehouse. Data Mining Tools In order to build companys own custom mining solution, they have to purchase mining programs. This program is designed for existing software and hardware platforms and the program can be integrated into new products and systems. For example in order to give the mined data more value, the organization has to determine data mining output into another output such as ware house as a neural network which is said quite common . This is because, , the data mining tool will gather the data if the other program makes decisions based on the data that has been collected. In the market place they are a lot of data minings that come in different model and tools or tecniques. Each with their own strengths and weaknesses. A right kind of data mining is really important to any organization because if the organization buys a wrong data mining and its nothing to do with their business goal, data mining will be useless. This is a really important consider especially for organizations which are going to expand. These three categories are the classification of most data mining tools: Dashboards. Is used to monitor information in a database and is installed in computer, dashboards reflect updates onscreen and data changes always wether in charts or in tables so that the user can see how the business is performing and working. Traditional Data Mining Tools. Data mining programs will be used in organization and the effect of it will be securely seen.. In order to monitor the data and highlight trends and others capture information residing outside a database. You can even see some of thiese tools on the desktop. Text-mining Tools. The ability to work as PDF and ability to analyze data and can be used in various kind of data processing from hard text to simple words. These tools can be used to scan content. There are a lot of unstructured scanned content for example information is scattered almost randomly across the document, audio or video data or internet based data or structured for example the datas form and purpose is known, we can say database content.. A wealth of information can be provided for organizations by capturing these inputs that can be mined to discover all kinds of concepts and trends or any other data processing in another environment. The Benefits of Data mining/ Data warehouse To Organization. By using Data warehouses business executives can look at the company as a whole unit. There must be reasons on spending so much money by many corporations to implement data instead of looking at an organization in terms of the departments that it comprises. . Data warehouses also use their ability to handle a lot of tasks in an organization involving many different departments. In order to make sure that every transaction will be made in certain time frame, the good transaction system will be set up by every organization The biggest problem with report and queries is the transaction can not be made in time frame and then will be late to be compiled. On top of that and in order to overcome the problem, many companies are working to come out with a good data warehouse and hopefully can be able to settle down any problems regarding transactions. Another benefit from data warehouse is the uses of data model for any queries regarding transactions and the outcome is really convincing.. Models for queries are really important especially to come out with good reports. Eventhough transaction processing system doesnt really need this but the implementing of a good model can help the company. Anyway, wrong modeling methods can slow down the process of transactions. Eventhough transaction process has to be at speed by the server units, but at the same time, they will slow down the process of query. Queries of data can be made using data ware house and this is one of the reason why it is very efficient. Anyway, a big number of transaction system can lead to big transaction system. So, the company always has to get ready to come out with different data warehouse or even worse, different models of processing. The combination of every departments in a company is really important in order to overcome any problems regarding processing and transaction of data. The Benefits of Data Mining Data mining allows companies to exploit information and use this to obtain competitiveadvantage. Data mining helps identify trends such as: why customers buy certain products ideas for very direct marketing ideas for shelf placement training of employees vs. employee retention employee benefits vs. employee retention Conclusion In order to discover trends and patterns in temporary data, we use time-series analysis as a powerful technique . Not only their management is expensive but these data also are also low-level of abstraction. Two main problems are always been faced by most analyst. First, to clean of the huge amount of potentially-analysable data and second to correct the definition of the data-mining algorithms to be employed. Data warehouses has been proved to be a powerful repository of historical data since their appearance especially for data-mining . In addition, their modelling paradigm for example multidimensional modelling, is not any different to the problem domain. Anyway, a coherent conceptual modelling framework for data-mining assures is believed as a better and easier knowledge-discovery process on top rank of data warehouses.

kurdish issue :: essays research papers fc

Some people feel that their life is in their own hands and if they are terminally ill and do not want to suffer, they can end their own life. Assisted suicide or euthanasia is one way they can do it. The issue of assisted suicide has been a controversial one around the world for some time. Many think it is immoral and against the religious values, while others argue for the option to have a physician help to end his or her life painlessly. There is also another group of people who are terminally ill but trying to survive and keep their life longer as much as they can. These people usually spend their time in hospice and in an oncological unit. Suicide is the act of ending one's own life. It is literally called as self killing. As a matter of fact, this act is considered a very complex work particularly with regard to the reasons. However, there are a many different reasons which can lead people to commit suicide. Nowadays, suicide has become an important subject all over the world. That not only because it is a dangerous phenomenon which has an unfavourable effect on any society, but also because of the dramatic increase in the number of people who died as a result of suicide. Over the past ten to twenty years a big issue has been made over a person’s right to commit suicide or not. The American courts have had to deal with everything from assisted suicides to planned suicides. Also they had to deal with whether the constitution gives the American people the right to take their own lives or whether it says they have the power to allow someone else to take their lives. They have had to determine in some cases whether it was done for a reason such as insurance fraud. Euthanasia or assisted suicide is a very sensitive topic of today’s world. With the medical technology of today, it is possible to keep a person alive even if brain dead by the use of life support machines and other life sustaining equipment. The debate is that when a person is at a dead end, either in a coma or having been diagnosed with a terminal disease that ends in death, should that person be able to have the right to choose to die by an assisted suicide.

Essay --

Transparency and exchange of information – No place to hide Over the years, the focus of the international community has been on transparency and the exchange of information. These have become more urgent in the aftermath of the global recession which has strained public revenue flows in both developing and developed countries. Transparency is important on a local and global scale because it is a means to mitigate financial crimes. It protects investors, as well as public revenue. Transparency also generates public trust in our systems and increases confidence and stability in the business environment. The drive towards global transparency and automatic exchange of information has gained new impetus after the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) was rolled out by the US and following the relevant intergovernmental agreements which are being signed in this respect. The ultimate aim of FATCA is to make it more difficult for persons liable for US taxation to evade payment of those taxes by concealing assets and income in non-US institutions. It is an attempt to lift the veil of privacy in the financial services worldwide and to utilize the financial institutions as reporting and enforcement agents on behalf of the US tax authorities which would be both time consuming and costly for the financial institutions. Furthermore, tax evasion and transparency were the themes of the latest G8 summit which was held in Ireland in June, 2013. During that meeting, the G8 nations consented to tighten rules on corporate tax that sometimes allow companies to shift income from one nation to another in order to avoid taxes. They agreed that companies and legal arrangements should have to disclose their true owners and that this information shoul... ...tions received will be assessed and form the basis of appropriate policies which will, in turn, contribute to the revision of their AML / CTF regulation regimes. Finally, the FATF, the global standard-setter with respect to anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT), recognises the importance of UBO information and the access to it. Recommendations 24 and 25 state that countries must take measures to prevent the misuse of legal persons and legal arrangements for AML/CFT by ensuring there is adequate, accurate and timely information on beneficial ownership. This information needs to be accessible in a timely fashion by competent authorities and therefore all countries should consider measures to facilitate access to beneficial ownership and control information from financial institutions and Designated Non-Financial Business Providers.

Structuralism and Functionalism

Structuralism VS. Functionalism Breanne Jagiello National University Structuralism VS. Functionalism â€Å"We are the cosmos made conscious and life is the means by which the universe understands itself. † –Brian Cox. Both structuralism and functionalism were intended to seek answers to questions of the conscious mind. The basis for scientific psychology began with structuralism and later attempted to model psychology on evolutionary theory (functionalism).Both sciences share some commonalties as well as many differences and are still used and relevant in modern psychology. Structuralism can be defined as â€Å"E. B Tichener’s system of psychology, which dealt with conscious experience as dependent on experiencing persons† (Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 18). In this system mental processes are broken down into the most basic components. This science taught that all human knowledge had been derived from human experience, and that there is no other source of k nowledge.Following structuralism was functionalism â€Å"A system of psychology concerned with the mind as it is used in an organism’s adaptation to its environment† (Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 18). Functionalism focused on how the mind operated, and sought to answer what mental processes accomplished. Both sciences are concerned with uncovering questions regarding the conscious self. The two sciences have been considered to be highly integrated and interrelated. What manifests itself as a function from one angle may be viewed as structure from another and vice versa; therefore, one cannot do justice to the evolution of economic theories by concentrating exclusively on either structuralism or functionalism—a synthesis of the two is essential† (Karsten, n. d. , p. 180). Functionalism and structuralism both relied on introspection as a method for research. Although flaws were found in introspection observation, it has still proven to be an essential bridge to unlocking psychological wisdom.Introspection relies on self-reports about personal thoughts or feelings, essentially experience. â€Å"Experience is a common starting point for all sciences, from physics to psychology, and each science must be permitted to use those explanatory principles† (Shook, n. d. , p. 348) While there were similarities between each science, there were many more differences. Functionalism can be thought of as a response to structuralism. With functionalism came a new beginning for the basis of psychology.Structuralism focused on what happened when an organism experienced an event, while functionalism focused on the how and why. â€Å"It did this first by abandoning key elements of Wundt’s effort to model scientific psychology on the physiological successes and instead attempted to model psychology on evolutionary theory†(Green, 2009, p. 75). Functionalist also differed in that; they believed breaking down the elements would deceive cons ciousness. Their ideas about consciousness were in terms of the whole, â€Å"mental life is a unity, a total experience that changes.Consciousness is a continuous flow, and any attempt to divide it into temporarily distinct phases can only distort it†(Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 137). Titchener, on the other hand, taught that consciousness was the sum of experiences as they happen at any given time. He focused on the parts while Wundt focused on the whole. Functionalists were not concerned with the structure of mental processes, researchers were more concerned with how these processes â€Å"lead to practical consequences in the real world†(Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 03) Structuralism was concerned with determining the structure and basic parts of consciousness. Leaders in functionalism and structuralism had very different perspectives of how the mind should be analyzed, both contributed to the development of psychology in very different ways. Structuralism clearly def ined conscious experience and, â€Å"their research methods were in the highest tradition of science†(Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 100). Functionalism also had an impact on psychology’s development. Animal behavior became an important area of study as a consequence to this the science.Research methods such as physiological research, mental tests, questionnaires, and objective descriptions were introduced with functionalism. Both sciences can be related to modern day psychology. Introspection is still used in some cases through self-reports based on experience. â€Å"Self-reports are still requested from people exposed to unusual environments, such as weightlessness for space flight. Introspective reports involving cognitive processes such as reasoning are frequently used in psychology today† (Schultz & Schultz, 2012, p. 100).Also, today child psychology as introduced in functionalism is a widely used and studied branch of psychology today. These sciences gave us the basis for psychology as we know it today. References Green, C. D. (2009). Darwinian theory, functionalism, and the firstAmerican psychological revolution. Retrieved from http://nu. libguides. com/content. php? pid=159445&sid=1349149 Karsten, S. G. (n. d. ). Dialectics, functionalsim, and structuralism, in economic thoughts. Retrieved from http://ehis. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. nu. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? id=c052e67a-2092-4c7f-9882-5fdc8d700d0f%40sessionmgr12&vid=1&hid=4 Schultz, D. P. , & Schultz, S. E. (2012). The study of the history of psychology. In J. Hague (Ed. ), The history of Modern Psychology (10th edition ed. , pp. 1-21). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Shook, J. R. (n. d. ). Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution to John Dewey’s functional psychology. Retrieved from http://ehis. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. nu. edu/ehost/search/basic? sid=bbb50993-231d-42d9-8885-881119aa7fd0%40sessionmgr15&vid=4&hid=22

Physics Lab/ Radiation

Blackbody Radiation Lab 11 Go to http://phet. colorado. edu/simulations/sims. php? sim=Blackbody_Spectrum and click on Run Now. 1) In this lab, you will use the Blackbody Spectrum Simulation to investigate how the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted by objects is affected by the object's temperature. In this simulation, you can input the temperature and observe the spectrum of the radiation emitted. a) The temperature of stars in the universe varies with the type of star and the age of the star among other things.By looking at the shape of the spectrum of light emitted by a star, we can tell something about its average surface temperature. i) If we observe a star's spectrum and find that the peak power occurs at the border between red and infrared light, what is the approximate surface temperature of the star? (in degrees C) The temperature will be ~4000K which would be about 3276 degrees Celcius. ii) If we observe a stars spectrum and find that the peak power occurs at the border between blue and ultraviolet light, what is the surface temperature of the star? in degrees C) The temperature would be about 7050 degrees Celcius. b) Light bulbs operate at 2500 degrees C. What is the wavelength at which the most power is emitted for a light bulb operating at 2500 C? The wavelength would be equal to 1000nm ii) Explain why regular incandescent bulbs waste a lot of energy. Be sure to include your reasoning. The majority of the light emitted is at wavelengths that are longer than that, that are visible. So the power going into the light bulb that is producing non-visible light is wasted. It is wasting energy that way, so regular incandescent bulbs are inefficient. ) In this problem we will explore the greenhouse effect by using the Greenhouse Effect Simulation available from http://phet. colorado. edu/simulations/sims. php? sim=The_Greenhouse_Effect a) Explore the simulation. True or False The only effect of increasing the number of clouds is to reduce the amo unt of sunlight absorbed by the surface of the earth. Clouds reduce the amount of sunlight absorbed by reflecting sunlight back away from earth. Clouds also can absorb infrared radiation emitted by the surface and then send it back to spae. True or FalseIncreasing the concentration of greenhouse gases, increases the amount of radiation that Earth emits to space. Earth used to emit the same amount of radiation it absorbed, but not now. So now the radiation that used to be absorbed by the earth is remitted down and absorbed by the ground. So the earth is taking in this radiation and is warming up. Without the damage and pollution humans have caused then this would not be the case and it would be in equilibrium. True or False When sunlight encounters a cloud, the cloud reflects about 10% of the sunlight back to space. The cloud reflects about 50% of the sunlight back to space. True or FalseWhen there is a very large concentration of greenhouse gases, most of the IR radiation reaching s pace has interacted with greenhouse gas molecules on its way from the surface to space. Yes, the greenhouse gases absorb IR radiation. True or False The total amount of radiation absorbed by the Earth’s surface is not affected by the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Sunlight and greenhouse gases are absorbed by earth. When earths atmosphere has greenhouse gases the IR radiation is emitted by the surface and absorbed and also redirected back down to the surface. So the total amount of radiation absorbed is increasing.True or False At higher temperatures, the Earth’s surface emits more IR radiation. Yes because if the temperature increases then the power radiated increases as well. True or False During the ice age, the amount of sunlight absorbed by the Earth’s surface decreased. During the ice age the ice on the earth would also reflect sunlight back, making less sunlight absorbed by the earths surface. True or False All greenhouse gases are f rom anthropogenic sources (that is due to man’s activities). Not true, most are naturally occurring but man has increased greenhouse gasses especially the high amounts of carbon dioxide present now†¦from man’s doing.